ISBN: 978-93-87500-02-0
Open Access eBooks is inviting researchers working in the areas of Type 2 Diabetes to submit their book chapter for the publication in volume 1 of an eBook entitled An eBook on Type 2 Diabetes
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Published Chapters:
ROS acts as a double-edged sword in the pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Author(s): Xin Wang
Although the clear mechanism of T2DM is still to be elucidated, it has been well established that reactive oxygen species (ROS) derived from multiple sources plays a causal role in multiple types of insulin resistance and contributes to β-cell dysfunction thus enhances the development and progression of T2DM. What is incomprehensible is that the detrimental ROS also plays a substantial role in the normal insulin signal transduction and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in β-cell, which forces us to re-recognize the role of ROS under physiological and pathological conditions in a more broad way. Redox homeostasis is tightly controlled by the transcriptional factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), whose abnormality is believed to be related with diabetes. Accumulating evidences suggest that there are important cross-talks between Nrf2 and PPARγ, PGC1α, PI3K/Akt on regulating antioxidant enzymes and the development of diabetes. Therefore, these evidences indicate that Nrf2 may be a critical element in taking survival and death decisions when cells are exposed to an oxidant environment. In conclusion, enhancing GSIS and insulin sensitivity through the regulation of Nrf2 levels is a potential avenue for developing new therapeutics. Nrf2 may become a promising target for the treatment of T2DM.
Oral Agents for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Author(s): Gerry H Tan
Recent advances in the pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes have made tremendous progress in the development of new treatment modalities for Diabetes. These new treatment regimens have allowed clinicians to tailor fit medications according to their patients’ diabetes profile and phenotype. In my review publication on pharmacologic treatment options for Type 2 Diabetes published at the Mayo Clinic Proceedings in 1996, Tan et al emphasized that only three classes of oral medications were then available for our patients namely sulfonylureas, biguanides and alpha glucosidase inhibitors [1]. Twenty years later, significant changes in the understanding of diabetes have resulted in newer and safer medications for our patients. The Ominous Octet physiology of Diabetes [2] have advanced our way of treating diabetics with monotherapy to early combination therapy using different agents acting on different mechanisms.
The old and the new risk factors for chronic renal disease in type 2 diabetics
Author(s): Ana Paula Silva, MD, MSc*; Filipa Mendes, MD; Pedro Leão Neves, MD, PhD
The pathophysiological mechanisms associated with chronic renal disease in type 2 diabetic are complex and still remain to be fully understood. It is well known that there are traditional factors responsible for kidney disease such as poor metabolic control, time of evolution of diabetes, age, gender, uncontrolled hypertension, ethnical background and genetic factors. Nevertheless, recent evidence also points to non-traditional risk factors that might trigger glomerular barrier changes, leading to an increase durinary album in excretion along side with the progression of diabetic nephropathy to end-stage chronic kidney disease. Among these factors are inflammation and oxidative stress; alterations in mineral metabolism and homeostasis might also contribute to the clinical manifestation and/or progression of diabetic nephropathy.
Diabetic Nephropathy
Author(s): Sagnik Mukherjee; Parijat De*
Diabetic nephropathy is a chronic microvascular complication of diabetes and is the single most common cause of End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) in Europe, Japan, and the United States, with diabetes accounting for 25% to 45% of all patients enrolled into ESRD programmes. The increased mortality in proteinuric diabetic patients is due not only from end-stagerenal disease (ESRD) but also from associated cardiovascular disease, with the latter being particularly common in type 2 diabetes patients. It often starts with microalbuminuria and progresses to macro albuminuria and sometimes to overt proteinuria with a decrease in glomerular filtration over a period of time which is slow and gradual (usually a number of years) and ultimately may require renal replacement therapy.
Antidiabetic Effects of Antihypertensive Drugs
Author(s): Amal Mahfoz
Hypertension and type 2 diabetes frequently occur together, and because both of these conditions predispose patients to cardiovascular and renal diseases, the diabetic hypertensive patient is at an especially elevated risk of developing adverse clinical events. This chapter discusses the most useful antihypertensive drugs with antidiabetic effects for managing these challenging patients.
Neutrophil - Lymphocyte Ratio, as a Novel Systematic Biomarker: Predicting IntraceRebral Hemorrhage in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Author(s): Luo Peng*; Yu Siyuan; Xu Tingting; He Lei
Introduction: Chronic systematic inflammation has been suggested to be associated with the occurrence and development of cardiovascular events. Low-grade systematic inflammation persists in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus(T2DM) patients. In addition, the risk of cerebral hemorrhage in these patients is increased compared with non-diabetic patients. Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) is the ratio derived by dividing the neutrophil count with the lymphocyte count from a peripheral blood sample...
